![]() Synthesised data was then examined and summarised to provide information concerning the most common types of faults and failures. The types of faults/failures and their belonging to specific categories in the SG system were synthesised primarily from the causes, impacts and descriptions that were collected from the articles. To review the existing SG failures and faults we adopt the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, collecting and classifying information from 50 articles that were filtered during the process. ![]() The goal of this paper is to review and classify existing faults and failures in SGs to provide a summary view of all the causes, consequences, and countermeasures that can be applied. Thus, an important aspect is to be able to classify and determine the possible faults and failures that can impact SGs, to look at the causes for preventive measures and at consequences and countermeasures to counteract the effects of failures. The complexity of the SG infrastructure is reflected in the multitude of faults and failures that can emerge from different components and their interrelations, leading often to complex failure scenarios with potential cascading and disruptive effects (Rivas and Abrao 2020 Mousa et al. An SG is composed of several components that can include: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and smart meters, Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), sensors and a multitude of network communication protocols (Gao et al. While traditional power grids were centralized power systems, modern SGs represent two-way IT-supported communication between energy providers and customers, which allows the delivery of electricity in a more efficient, reliable, sustainable way (Fang et al. Smart Grids (SG) represent an evolution of the concept of traditional power grids. Based on the collected information, the faults and failures are classified and mapped to Smart Grid Reference Architecture Model (SGAM), providing a useful frame of reference for practitioners and researchers dealing with hardware and software dependability in this complex domain. The discovered faults and failures are investigated to extract details about their causes, impacts, detection techniques and counter-measures. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review surveying 30 different faults and failures which can occur in the SG infrastructure. ![]() Architecture-wise, SGs can be decomposed in several layers comprising variety of physical, software, communication and business components, each representing a potential point of failure determined by their underlying faults. SG is considered a critical infrastructure in which dependability plays a crucial role and manifestation of failures can lead to severe consequences. Smart grid (SG) has been designed as a response to the limitations of traditional power grids caused by growing power supply demands. ![]()
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